June 15, 2011

Sportization of Budo: The Effects of Competitions on Budo

「試合」の導入によって,武道に何が起こるか。試合には,ルールと審判が存在する。選手の競技力は,このルールと審判という外的システムによって測定・評価されるので,必然的に,競技の技術はこの外的システムの影響を受けて発達する。もともとスポーツとして成立した野球やサッカーなどの競技の場合,こうした外的システムの下で選手やチームの競技力が測定・評価され,また,競技の技術が発達することは至極当然であり,何ら疑問や違和感はない。本来,スポーツとはそういうものである。逆に言えば,ルールと審判が,スポーツの面白さや奥深さを支えている。しかし,本来武道であったものが,「試合」を導入することでスポーツ化した場合には,事情が異なる。すなわち,武道の場合はそもそも,ルールや審判といった外的システムとは無関係に,すでに技が存在するのである。技の善し悪しや武道家の力量は,外的システムによる測定や評価の対象ではないし,そもそも,測定されたり評価されたりするものでもない。しかし,武道がスポーツ化する,つまり,「試合」を導入することによって,次第にそこでのルールや審判という外的な評価基準に沿って,武道本来の目的や技が変容することは免れ得ない。武道修行者は次第にスポーツ選手と化し,「試合」に勝つための,すなわち,ルールにしたがって審判に評価されやすいような技術を洗練させていくことになる。こうなると,日々の「稽古」や「修行」はすでに,試合のための「練習」と化してしまう。こうして,「試合」を導入することによって,武道はスポーツとなり,その結果,存在理由のみならず技術的な中身まで,大きく変容する。

What would happen to budo if it introduced "competitions" into itself? There are rules and judges in competitions. The abilities of players participating in "competitions" are measured and evaluated by such external system as these rules and judges, and inevitably the skills in competitions develop under the influence of this external system. For something like baseball and football which are originally developed as sports, it is only natural that the abilities of players and teams are measured and evaluated, and their skills are formulated by this external system. We have no question or nothing wrong with it. Essentially, sports is something like it. Conversely speaking, rules and judges support the attraction and profoundness of sports. However, matters are different in the case that activities, which was originally budo, have been sportized by introducing "competitions" into themselves. In the case of budo, there have already been skills formed before such external system as rules and judges. Whether the skills of a budoka are good or bad, or his competence is not a target measured and evaluated by the external system, and can not be measured or evaluated basically. But, if a school of budo was sportized, that is to say, it introduced "competitions" into itself, it could not avoid allowing purposes and skills originated with budo to gradually change along such external evaluation standards as the rules and judges in competitions. In that case, a person who practiced budo has been becoming an athlete without notice, and he/she has been trying to polish various skills which are right to win at "competitions", that is, to be evaluated well and scored high by the judges along the rules of the competitions. Then, "keiko" or "shugyo" have already changed to "renshu" for competitions. As stated above, budo is sportized by introducing competitions into itself, and as a result, the quality of skills as well as the reason for presence changes dramatically.

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