Okinawan te

沖縄伝統の武術である「手」は，大きく首里手と那覇手に分けられる。現代の沖縄には，首里手の系譜としてショウリン流（小林流，少林流，松林流，少林寺流）が，那覇手の系譜として沖縄剛柔流が残っている。沖縄三大流派としてもう一つ，上地流がある。上地流は，流派として興ったのが近代になってからであり，また，形の種類や技術の面で剛柔流とは異質であるけれども，サンチンやセーサンなど共通する部分も多く見られることから，大きくは那覇手という括りに含めて良いだろう。また，以前は，泊地方で行われていた手，つまり，泊手というものもあった。しかし，技術的に首里手と共通する部分も多かったためか，現在では，首里手に内包されていて，特に泊手として特異的に独立して伝承・稽古されることは少ない。

Te (tiy) or the Okinawan classical martial art is roughly classified into two categories; shuri-te and naha-te. In modern Okinawa, there remains shorin-ryu as a successive generation of shuri-te and goju-ryu as naha-te. There is another school among the called "big three schools (ryuha) in Okinawa"; uechi-ryu. Though uechi-ryu has been organized into a school (ryuha) since Showa era downward and different from goju-ryu in the kinds of kata and the techniques, it may be right to broadly include it among naha-te because there are a lot of similarities between goju-ryu and uechi-ryu, for example, both have the same katas as sanchin and seisan. Additionally, there had been a te (tiy) that had been developed in Tomari area, called tomari-te. However, nowadays, people hardly practice and transmit especial tomari-te independently, it may be because it has a lot of similarity to shuri-te in techniques.

Okinawan Karate and Old-style Karate

「スポーツ空手」や「本土空手」の対義として，しばしば「武道空手」や「沖縄空手」と表現される。この際，後者を「古流（古伝）空手」という言い方をする場合もある。これは，明治以降に体系化され発展した現代武術に対して，古来より伝承されている諸武術群を「古武術」という言い方で括るやり方の援用かと思われる。古武術は一般的に，設定している場面・背景が，確かに古い（武士同士の戦闘場面の）ために，現代的ではないという意味で，「古武術」と言えるだろう。「手」が設定している場面・背景，すなわち，形が形成される上での場面や背景は，一部古いものはあるものの，しかし，「手」の場合は，徒手空拳の武術ゆえに，現代でもそのまま応用可能である。このように考えると，本来の「手」のことを「古流空手」と称するのはあまり適切とはいえない。

The expressions of "Budo karate" and "Okinawa karate" are often used as the antonyms of "Sport karate" and "Hondo karate." On this occasion, some people use the expression "koryu (
koden) karate" instead of the formers (koryu or koden means old-style). It is presumed that they may apply an idea to karate as well, which is the way of grouping various martial arts that has been passed down since the ancient times by the expression  "kobujutsu or kobudo (old-style martial arts), " compared to modern martial arts organized and developed from Meiji era downward. We can say that generally old-style martial arts are allowed to be called "ko (old) bujutsu (martial arts)" in that they are not modern  because the scenes or situations they assume they fight with enemies in are certainly old, for example, the fighting situations of samurai soldiers. Though some of the scenes "te (tiy)" assumes, or the ones katas had developed in, are as old as the ones "kobujutsu" assumes, the techniques of "te (tiy)" can be applied to modern situations because it is a marital art with no arms. In this way, it may not be all that proper to designate the original "te (tiy)" as "koryu (old-style) karate."

Karate and Te

本土普及時におけるスポーツ化によって，「空手」というと，どうしてもスポーツのイメージが強い。その意味でも，本来の沖縄伝統武道としての「手」（ときに「沖縄手」という人もいる），もしくは，個別的具体的に「首里手」「那覇手」と称するのが適しているかもしれない。また，近年，沖縄では，スポーツ空手とほぼ同義の名称としての「本土空手」と区別するために，「沖縄空手」という概念を提唱している。しかし，空手は本来，沖縄の伝統武道なので，「沖縄空手」という言い方は，同義語反復（重複表現）であると言えなくもない。ただ，沖縄の空手の中にも試合を導入している流派や道場があることを鑑みると，「沖縄空手」という言葉は，決してスポーツ空手の対義語ではない。また，たとえ本土であろうとも，スポーツ化していない本来の「手」を追求している団体はいくつか存在する。だとすれば，「沖縄空手」という表現は，スポーツ空手の対義語ではなく，あくまで本土空手との弁別を図るためであって，もし仮にスポーツ空手との明確な峻別を求めるのならば，その場合は「武道空手」という表現が妥当だろう。しかし，厳密に言えば，空手は本来，武道なので，「武道空手」という言い方も，同義語反復（重複表現）であると言えなくもない。このように，「○○空手」のような形容は，多重な意味を含むので，沖縄で構築・発展した徒手空拳の伝統的武術のことを指す場合は，かつてそのように称されていた通り，「手」もしくは「首里手」「那覇手」と称した方が良いのかもしれない。

People have a stable image of "karate" as a sport, because of the sportization during its prevailing in the mainlands of Japan. Then, it may be better to use "te (tiy)" (some say "Okinawa-te [Uchina-diy]" ), or respectively and concretely call "shuri-te (diy)"and "naha-te (diy)," if you want to refer to the primary Okinawan classical martial arts. Besides, in recent years, Okinawan karateka have advocated the word or concept "Okinawa Karate" in order to distinguish their own karate from "Hondo (mainland) karate, " which is regarded as a synonym for karate sports (sport karate). But, the word "Okinawa karate" might be thought to be a redundancy or tautology, since karate is essentially one of the Okinawan classical marital arts. However, considering that there are some schools and dojos in Okinawa importing competitions into themselves, "Okinawa karate" is not definitely an antonym of "sport karate." On the other hand, even if they are in the mainland of Japan, there are some groups pursuing the original "te (tiy)," which has't got sportized. Then, they would be wrong if they used the expression "Okinawa karate" as the antonym of "sport karate" in order to distinguish themselves from "Hondo karate." It would be more appropriate to use the expression "budo karate," if they want to draw a clear distinction between themselves and "sport karate." However, strictly speaking, the expression "budo karate" also might be thought to be a redundancy or tautology, since karate is "budo" from the beginning. In this way, the expressions including any adjective like "something karate" has multiple meanings. So, when we refer to classical martial arts with no arms organized and developed in Okinawa (Ryukyus), we should call them "te (tiy)" or "syuri-te" and "naha-te, " as they once had been called.

Shuri-te and Naha-te

空手には，首里手と那覇手がある。日本と中国の間にあり，政治的にも文化的にも両者の影響を様々に受けてきた琉球（沖縄）において，独自に構築され発展した伝統武術は，かつて「手」と呼ばれていた。そして特に首里地方で発達した手を首里手，一方，那覇地方で発達した手を那覇手と呼んだ。現在でも，沖縄の空手家の中には，これらの名称をあえて使う人もいる。「空手」という名称は近年与えられた名称であり，沖縄伝統武道を表現する総称として，また現代における名称の普及率を考えると，使い勝手は良い（ならば「手」でも良いのだが）。しかし，むしろ厳密には首里手あるいは那覇手という表現を用いた方が適切かもしれない。なぜなら，首里手と那覇手は，一見したところでは，異なる技術体系に見えるからである。

Karate has two types of the genealogy: shuri-te and naha-te. The classical marital art originally formulated and developed in Ryukyus (Okinawa), which had been influenced variously by both China and Japan in a political and cultural way, was once called "te (tiy)." Especially, the te (tiy) developed in Shuri area was called shuri-te, while the te in Naha area was called naha-te. Even today, there are some karateka in Okinawa who use these names intentionally. The name "karate," which was given in recent years (at the beginning of 20 centuries), is useful for us to give a generic name to Okinawan classical martial arts and if we think about the prevalence of the name today--if so, we could use "te" instead of "karate,"though. But, more strictly, it should be appropriate to use such names as shuri-te and naha-te. It is because, at first sight, the two seem to be different technique systems from each other.