本物の武道家は,修行をすればするほど,他の武道家・武術家を批評しなくなる。修行の段階が上がれば上がるほど,他の武道家の術の具合やレベルについて批判的な言説をしなくなる。人の術を批評・批判している暇があれば,自身の術を磨く方が良い。合気道家である内田樹氏がその著書『修業論』の中で,氏の師匠である多田宏氏がかつて語った話を述懐している。多田氏は,他人の術を批判して自分の術が上達するならいくらでもするけれど,上達するわけではないのだから批判するだけ無駄だ,というようなことを言ったそうである。まさしくその通りである。他の武道家の術が気になるということは,自己の術と他者の術を比較しているということである。自己の術の「正しさ」を確信したい思いの裏返しとして,他者の術の「間違い(だと思えるところ)」に注意が向く。人はつい自他を比較してしまう動物である。その比較検討を基に自分の中だけで創意工夫する糧とするならば何ら問題ない。しかし,その差異をただ単に批判的に公に表明するのは,武道家としてあまり美しいとは言えない。そうした自他間の巧拙や優劣というモノサシを越えたところを目指すのが武道修行の本質であることを思えば,他の武道家の間違いなど,そもそもどうでもよいことのはずである。むしろ逆に,自身の術を常に批判的に捉え,改良改善に工夫を重ねることこそ本筋である。このあまりにも当たり前な真意に気づけば,必然的な帰結として,他の武道家を公に批評・批判できなくなる。自身を含め,あの武道家のあの術は間違っていると言っているようでは,武道家としてまだまだである。
As for real budo-ka, the more they practice, the less they criticize other budo-ka and martial artists. The more the stage of their own cultivation is raised up, the less they have a critical statement about the condition or level of other budo-ka's skills. If we have time to criticize or evaluate others' skills, we should polish our own skills at that time. Tatsuru Uchida, who is an aikido-ka, wrote reminiscently in his book "Shugyo-ron" (essay on practice) about a thought that his master Hiroshi Tada had told to him. It seems that Tada said, though he would criticize others as much as he liked if the criticism had helped him improve his skills, actually it was worthless to criticize others because it did not help. That's exactly right. Being concerned with other Budo-ka's skills is comparing your own skills to others' ones. We focus on the "wrongness (we think)" of others' skills, only because we want to firmly believe in the "correctness" of our own skills. Human beings are by nature animals who compare themselves with others. If the comparison is used for improving our own skills personally and originally, it may never be problematic. But, simply expressing the differences derived from the comparison critically and publicly is not said to be very praised as budo-ka. Given that it is the essence of budo practice to pursue the state that is beyond the level of being concerned about good-or-bad or superiority-or-inferiority between ourselves and others, we primarily should never mind the wrongness of others. Rather, the appropriate thing to do is just to continuously thinking about our own skills in a critical way and then improve or better them more and more. When we find ourselves realizing this extremely self-evident truth, as a necessary consequence, we will not be able to criticize other budo-ka in public. Whenever we, of course including me, say that these skills of that budo-ka are wrong, we are far from a master of budo.
A Japanese psychologist and mindful martial artist, SHINTARO YUKAWA's personal essays on martial arts and ways as well as mindfulness, Zen and Tao, written both in Japanese and English. I will explore here the truth and quintessence of martial arts and ways, and hope you will know and share them. マインドフル・マーシャル・アーツ:禅とタオ (湯川進太郎・身体心理学)
February 28, 2014
February 06, 2014
Teaching Martial Arts to Others 武術を他者に教える
武術を教えるという作業は,決して容易ではない。もちろん,どのレベルの術を教授するかにもよるが,当然ながら,高いレベルの身体的な技術を他者に教え伝えるという行為は,極めて難しい。これに比べれば,単に師から術を学び,自身の身体操作を高めるために個人的に研究するだけの方が,数段簡単であると言えよう。なぜ他者に武術を教えるという行為は極めて難しいのか。それは,通常,自らの身体を研究すればするほど,一定の身体的な術を他者に伝えることに対して躊躇するようになるからである。ある時点である術を教えるということは,その時点でその術が正しいことが保証される必要がある。逆にいえば,何ら保証されないことを他者に伝えることは,無責任な行為だといえる。真に身体を研究する者は,ある術が本当に正しいと確信する域には決して達しない。つまり術の完成ということは原理的にありえない。だとすれば,武術は永遠に他者に教えることが不可能だということになる。したがって普通は,現段階で自分が達しているレベルの術を,あえて他者に教えようとは思わない。そこに,武術を他者に教えることの困難さが生まれる。ただ,現実的には,暫定的にこれが正しいだろうと思える最善の術を,師は弟子に伝える。しかし,その術は,師が研究を続ける者であれば,常に改訂される可能性を含む。この改訂を,恥じることなく弟子に提示できる師こそが,本物の武術家である。したがって,武術の師になれるかどうかは,おそらく,向き不向きがあって,師になれる者となれない者の間には大きな溝があると思われる。もちろん,自身は大した研究もしていないのに,他者に教えることだけには熱心な輩がときどきいるが,それは全くの論外である。
The work to teach martial arts is definitely not easy. Of course, though it depends on what levels of skills we teach, naturally, it is extremely difficult to teach others high levels of physical skills. Compared to this, it can be said that it is rather much easier to simply learn skills from masters and then study them personally for improving one's own physical manipulation. Why is it so much difficult to teach others martial arts? It is because, generally, the more we study our body and physical skills, the more we get to hesitate about teaching others some physical skills. In case that anyone teaches others a certain skill at a certain point of time, that skill must be guaranteed to be correct at that time. Conversely, we can say that it is an irresponsible conduct to teach others some skills that have no guarantees. A person who truly study the body will never attain the level that he/she is certain that a skill is really correct. In other words, it is impossible in principle that a certain skill or art can complete. If so, it would mean that martial arts are impossible to be taught others forever. Therefore, generally, we don't think that we dare to teach others such level of skills that we attain at the present stage. That gives rise to the difficulty in teaching others martial arts. Nevertheless, actually, masters teach their disciples the best arts that they think may be provisionally correct. But, the arts or skills always have a possibility to be revised, if the masters are those who continue to examine their arts or skills forever. It is a genuine martial artist that a master who presents those revisions to his/her disciples unabashedly is. Thus, whether a person can become a master of martial arts or not depends on his/her personality or character, and there seems to be a great gulf between those who can become a master and those who can not. Even though we sometimes see a person who is eager only to teach others in spite of the fact that he/she has not studied very well, that is out of question, of course.
The work to teach martial arts is definitely not easy. Of course, though it depends on what levels of skills we teach, naturally, it is extremely difficult to teach others high levels of physical skills. Compared to this, it can be said that it is rather much easier to simply learn skills from masters and then study them personally for improving one's own physical manipulation. Why is it so much difficult to teach others martial arts? It is because, generally, the more we study our body and physical skills, the more we get to hesitate about teaching others some physical skills. In case that anyone teaches others a certain skill at a certain point of time, that skill must be guaranteed to be correct at that time. Conversely, we can say that it is an irresponsible conduct to teach others some skills that have no guarantees. A person who truly study the body will never attain the level that he/she is certain that a skill is really correct. In other words, it is impossible in principle that a certain skill or art can complete. If so, it would mean that martial arts are impossible to be taught others forever. Therefore, generally, we don't think that we dare to teach others such level of skills that we attain at the present stage. That gives rise to the difficulty in teaching others martial arts. Nevertheless, actually, masters teach their disciples the best arts that they think may be provisionally correct. But, the arts or skills always have a possibility to be revised, if the masters are those who continue to examine their arts or skills forever. It is a genuine martial artist that a master who presents those revisions to his/her disciples unabashedly is. Thus, whether a person can become a master of martial arts or not depends on his/her personality or character, and there seems to be a great gulf between those who can become a master and those who can not. Even though we sometimes see a person who is eager only to teach others in spite of the fact that he/she has not studied very well, that is out of question, of course.
January 23, 2014
Hitting the Makiwara マキワラを打つ
空手の稽古では,マキワラを打つことが欠かせない。マキワラを打てば,拳が当たるその瞬間の感覚,その時の全身的な身体感覚を感じることができる。マキワラに当たる拳(手)だけでなく,腹,背中,そして足の感覚を感じ取ることが大切である。さらに,当たる前,当たった瞬間,当たった後,という一連の動作プロセスの中での,身体の変化を知る。拳で突くという一連の動きの中で,いつどこでどういう風に力が生まれ,どこをどういう風に伝わり,どこでどういう風に反発するかを知ることができる。これを踏まえて,どこでどういう風に力を入れれば良いかが次第に分かってくる。つまり,どういう身体操作をすれば良いかが分かるようになる。別の面から言えば,マキワラを突くことによって,空手の要諦である「呼吸」「締め」「重心(バランス,中心軸)」を調和させることがいかに重要かを知ることができる。この三要素がバラバラだと,力(筋力)でマキワラを打っている感覚から抜けられない。その一方で,見事に調和すると,全く力を入れずにスコンと突き抜ける感覚を得ることができる。マキワラは,空手的身体を追求する上で,必要不可欠な道具である。
Hitting the makiwara is indispensable for the practice of karate. When you hit the makiwara, you can feel somatic sensation of the whole-body at the moment that the fist touches the makiwara. It is important to perceive sensations of not only the fist hitting the makiwara but also the abdomen, back, and feet. In addition, you can become aware of the change of your body in the processing chain of moves you do before, at the moment of, and after you hit the makiwara. The chain of moves of hitting by the fist helps you to know when and where the power can arise, where and how it can be conveyed, and where and how it can be repelled. By taking this into account, you are beginning to know how and where you should exert your strength. To put it anther way, you are getting aware of how you should manipulate your own body. From another viewpoint, hitting the makiwara enables you to know how important it is to integrate or harmonize the three secrets of karate; "breathing," "tension," and "center of balance." If these three elements are not harmonized, you can not help feeling that you hit the makiwara by force (muscular strength). In contrast, if these are perfectly harmonized, you can get a feeling that the fist penetrates the makiwara with no power. Makiwara is an essential tool for pursuing the body of karate.
Hitting the makiwara is indispensable for the practice of karate. When you hit the makiwara, you can feel somatic sensation of the whole-body at the moment that the fist touches the makiwara. It is important to perceive sensations of not only the fist hitting the makiwara but also the abdomen, back, and feet. In addition, you can become aware of the change of your body in the processing chain of moves you do before, at the moment of, and after you hit the makiwara. The chain of moves of hitting by the fist helps you to know when and where the power can arise, where and how it can be conveyed, and where and how it can be repelled. By taking this into account, you are beginning to know how and where you should exert your strength. To put it anther way, you are getting aware of how you should manipulate your own body. From another viewpoint, hitting the makiwara enables you to know how important it is to integrate or harmonize the three secrets of karate; "breathing," "tension," and "center of balance." If these three elements are not harmonized, you can not help feeling that you hit the makiwara by force (muscular strength). In contrast, if these are perfectly harmonized, you can get a feeling that the fist penetrates the makiwara with no power. Makiwara is an essential tool for pursuing the body of karate.
January 10, 2014
Feeling the Bones 骨を感じる
骨を直に感じる,筋を直に感じるためには,ときに,裸で稽古をすると良い。すなわち,道着を着ずに,受け,突き,蹴り,そして形の稽古をするということである。かつての沖縄において,本来空手は,上半身は裸で下半身は短いズボン,という姿で稽古をしていた。これは,沖縄の温暖な気候という環境的要因によるところが大きいけれども,一方で,そのことによって衣服をなるべく身につけないことが空手の稽古にプラスに働いていたのではないかと考えられる。なぜなら,衣服や道着をまとうことによって,袖や裾の重み,反動,擦れる音などが身体を直に感じにくくさせる,といったことが生じるからである。自らの骨と筋が連動して動き,締まり,緩む様子をありありと身体内部から直に感じるためには,道着は邪魔である。何も身につけずに突いてみればすぐに,骨と筋の微細な音が聞こえてくる。また,師も弟子の身体の様子を観る際に,道着が邪魔になるだろう。実際,上半身裸になってサンチンをし,師が弟子の身体をチェックする,という稽古は今でもしばしば見かける。このように,身体のWithin的なコミュニケーションとbetween的なコミュニケーションを滑らかにするためには,本質的にはおそらく,衣服を纏わない方が良い。ただ,我々は日常的に衣服をまとう動物である。したがって,武術的には,基本的に着衣した状態での身体の動きや感覚を練ることに,当然大きな意味がある。
In order to feel the bones and muscles directly, it is good for you to practice karate sometimes without clothes. This means you practice blocking, punching, kicking, and katas without do-gi. In ancient Okinawa, karateka originally practiced karate, naked to the waist and wearing short pants only. This might depend mainly on an environmental factor of a warm climate in Okinawa, while it is suggested that the climate makes Okinawan to wear as less clothes as possible; that could have a positive influence on the practice of karate. It is because wearing clothes or do-gi can make it difficult for us to feel the body directly due to the weight, reaction, and sound of the sleeves and the bottoms of pants, and so on. Do-gi interferes with feeling directly and vividly the inside of the body, or our bones and muscles moving in an interrelated way, tensing, and relaxing. You may hear the fine voice of the bones and muscles, immediately when you just punch without clothes. Do-gi also will interfere with masters who check the physical state of their disciples. Actually, you can often see the exercise even now that a master check the body of his disciple, who is naked to the waist and practice the kata Sanchin. In this way, perhaps it would be essentially better not to wear any clothes in order to facilitate both such body's within-communication and between-communication. But, we human beings are animals who wear clothes in everyday life. Thus, naturally, it it significant for martial artists to polish the moves and feelings of the body basically under the condition that they wear clothes.
In order to feel the bones and muscles directly, it is good for you to practice karate sometimes without clothes. This means you practice blocking, punching, kicking, and katas without do-gi. In ancient Okinawa, karateka originally practiced karate, naked to the waist and wearing short pants only. This might depend mainly on an environmental factor of a warm climate in Okinawa, while it is suggested that the climate makes Okinawan to wear as less clothes as possible; that could have a positive influence on the practice of karate. It is because wearing clothes or do-gi can make it difficult for us to feel the body directly due to the weight, reaction, and sound of the sleeves and the bottoms of pants, and so on. Do-gi interferes with feeling directly and vividly the inside of the body, or our bones and muscles moving in an interrelated way, tensing, and relaxing. You may hear the fine voice of the bones and muscles, immediately when you just punch without clothes. Do-gi also will interfere with masters who check the physical state of their disciples. Actually, you can often see the exercise even now that a master check the body of his disciple, who is naked to the waist and practice the kata Sanchin. In this way, perhaps it would be essentially better not to wear any clothes in order to facilitate both such body's within-communication and between-communication. But, we human beings are animals who wear clothes in everyday life. Thus, naturally, it it significant for martial artists to polish the moves and feelings of the body basically under the condition that they wear clothes.
December 23, 2013
Impatience and Strain 焦りと力み
「何か」に囚われてそれのみに対して反射的に振る舞ったり,また,それのみに向かって力づくで対抗することは,マインドフルではない。つまり,「何か」に対して何とかしようと,焦ったり力んだりすることは,マインドフルネス的,禅的ではない。速さと力が常に良いとは限らない。むしろ自然にゆったりと構えて,全方位的に意識(気づき)を向けつつ,焦らず力まず,静かに柔らかく,アクセプトする。「何か」とは,他者の存在とその侵襲的行為だったり,あるいは敵意的コミュニケーションだったり,また,自身の内面に沸き起こる感情や思考だったりする。いずれにせよ,その「何か」に囚われることは,武道的に見て致命的である。したがって,禅者である武道家は,起こることが起こりつつある中で,それにありありと気づきながら,焦ることなく力むことなく,アクセプトしていく。それは何も物理的な時間をかけてゆっくりと判断して行動する,という意味ではない。ここでの話は,心的態度の問題であり,時間は関係ない。いやむしろ,マインドフルネスによって時間という枠組みからもまた解放される。そうした心的態度で,当該の状況での最適な判断と行動を見つけていく。結果的に素早く反応する,力を集中することが求められることもあるかもしれない。しかし,ただやみくもに速く,ただやみくもに力強く,という態度は必ずしも絶対的な善ではないということである。そうした誤解から生まれる焦りや力みは,最適な判断と行動に至るプロセスを妨げる要因となりうる。
Behaving reflexively toward or confronting forcibly only "something" that have captured you is not mindful. That is, trying to cope with "something" in an impatient and/or strained manner is not like mindfulness or Zen. Speed and power is not always a good thing. Rather, the important thing is to be relaxed naturally, pay attention or awareness to everything omnidirectionally, not be impatient or strained, be calm and flexible, and accept it. "Something" in this case is, for example, the presence of others and their invasive acts or hostile communication, the thoughts and emotions coming into our mind, and so on. Anyway, being stuck on that "something" is fatal from the viewpoint of budo. Therefore, budo-ka as a Zen practitioner, as what happens is happening, is being clearly aware of and accepting it with no impatience and no strain. It does not mean in special that you should judge and act slowly with taking a lot of physical time. What's mentioned here is not about time, but the problem of mental attitudes. Rather, mindfulness can make you freed from the framework of time. With such a mental attitude, you should find the most appropriate judgment and act at that situation. As a result, there might be a case that require you to respond quickly or concentrate your powers to the situation. But, the attitudes blindly willing to be rapid or strong is not always absolute goodness. Impatience and strain generated by these misunderstandings can be factors interfering with a process that leads to the best judgment and act.
Behaving reflexively toward or confronting forcibly only "something" that have captured you is not mindful. That is, trying to cope with "something" in an impatient and/or strained manner is not like mindfulness or Zen. Speed and power is not always a good thing. Rather, the important thing is to be relaxed naturally, pay attention or awareness to everything omnidirectionally, not be impatient or strained, be calm and flexible, and accept it. "Something" in this case is, for example, the presence of others and their invasive acts or hostile communication, the thoughts and emotions coming into our mind, and so on. Anyway, being stuck on that "something" is fatal from the viewpoint of budo. Therefore, budo-ka as a Zen practitioner, as what happens is happening, is being clearly aware of and accepting it with no impatience and no strain. It does not mean in special that you should judge and act slowly with taking a lot of physical time. What's mentioned here is not about time, but the problem of mental attitudes. Rather, mindfulness can make you freed from the framework of time. With such a mental attitude, you should find the most appropriate judgment and act at that situation. As a result, there might be a case that require you to respond quickly or concentrate your powers to the situation. But, the attitudes blindly willing to be rapid or strong is not always absolute goodness. Impatience and strain generated by these misunderstandings can be factors interfering with a process that leads to the best judgment and act.
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