スポーツ(運動競技)において,プレーに集中しきることで,心身が脱落した状態になることがある。チクセントミハイは,このように今ここの活動に浸りきり,最高のパフォーマンスを自動的に行っている状態を指して,フローと呼んだ。こうしたフロー体験は何もスポーツに限るものではない。何の活動であれ,あたかも自動的に最高のパフォーマンスをなしているときは,時間や空間の感覚を越えて,心が体を動かしているのか,動いている体が心なのか区別できない状態になるだろう。そしてそこでは,恍惚感や喜びのような快を伴う。このフロー体験はもちろん悪いものではなく,むしろ我々人間が生活を楽しむ,特にスポーツやレジャーを楽しむ,さらにはプロスポーツ選手が常人をはるかに越えた優れたパフォーマンスをなすときの心を捉えたものとして,極めて興味深い。しかし,この一見心身脱落した状態を禅的状態と勘違いしてはいけない。フローと禅は,似て非なるものである。つまり,しばしばスポーツなどで感じるこうした心身脱落の状態は決して禅ではない,ということである。禅は,覚めていなければならない。自動性をメタ認知している,脱中心的に自動性を感じる,つまり,心身脱落した状態に覚めていなければならない。快の直中に没入せず,覚めることである。そもそも,禅は不快でも快でもない。そうした快不快の次元から覚めて抜けなければならない。快不快の次元を越えて覚めて在る,ただ在ることが禅である。スポーツにおいてこうしてフローを体験しやすいのは,おそらくそこに目標があり,達成があり,達成することに快が伴うからだろう。目標も達成も快もない禅においては,フロー体験はない。したがって,禅である武道稽古に,フロー体験はない。武道家はその稽古において,心身脱落しつつ,そのことに覚めているものである。
In sports or athletics, they are at times in a state where they feel Shinshin-Datsuraku (which almost means that they feel their body and mind inseparably) by concentrating on their plays or activities completely. Csikszentmihalyi used the word "flow" to refer to such state that they are extremely absorbed in their activity, and automatically do their best performance. This flow experience is not limited within sports. Whatever the activity is, a person who is doing a best performance automatically, often might feel that he/she is transcending a sense of time and space, and not be able to be sure whether his/her mind moves his/her body or his/her moving body itself is his/her mind. At that time, he/she may have a positive feeling like ecstasy or pleasure. This flow experience is of course not a bad thing, if anything, it is an extremely interesting one as a state indicating a mind we have when we human beings enjoy our life, especially sports and leisure, as well as a mind they have when professional sports players make a far higher performance than usual people. But, we must not mistake this seemingly state of Shinshin-Datsuraku for the state of Zen. Flow and Zen are alike in appearance but quite different in nature. In other words, this state of Shinshin-Datsuraku that we sometimes feel in sports or other activities is absolutely not the state of Zen. It is necessary to be aware or awake in Zen. It is necessary to observe automatization in a meta-cognitive way, or to feel automatization in a de-centering way, that is, to be aware of the state of Shinshin-Datsuraku. It is not be absorbed in the pleasure, but be aware of it. In the first place, Zen is neither negative nor positive. In Zen, we have to be aware of and transcend the dimension of positive-negative. Zen is just being, or being mindfully with exceeding the problem of whether we feel good or bad. It is probable that the reason why we experience the flow easily in sports may be that there are purposes and achievements, which leads to pleasure in sports. Zen, which has no purpose and achievement, has no flow experience. Therefore, Budo practice, which is Zen, has no flow experience. Budo-ka is experiencing Shinshin-Datsuraku with clear awareness of it during his/her practice.
A Japanese psychologist and mindful martial artist, SHINTARO YUKAWA's personal essays on martial arts and ways as well as mindfulness, Zen and Tao, written both in Japanese and English. I will explore here the truth and quintessence of martial arts and ways, and hope you will know and share them. マインドフル・マーシャル・アーツ:禅とタオ (湯川進太郎・身体心理学)
September 02, 2013
August 11, 2013
Practicing to be a fool 阿呆になるために稽古する
武道修行とは,ことごとく阿呆な行為である。阿呆になるためにやるのが武道修行と言ってもよいかもしれない。何のためでもなく,ただひたすら修行する。禅もまたただひたすら阿呆になるための修行である。暑くても寒くても,ひたすら稽古する。何のためでもなく,酷暑の中,極寒の中,稽古を続ける。それが修行である。理屈としては,暑いから寒いからと言って敵は待ってくれないから,どんな環境でも稽古をする。しかし現代社会において,現実的にそうした環境で敵が襲ってくるという可能性は万に一つなので,そうした状況で戦う「ために」稽古をするのではないことになる。したがって,夏は大汗をかきながら,また,冬は震えかじかみながら,ただひたすら稽古する。何のためでもない稽古は,端から見ればただの阿呆であろうが,武道と禅はただの阿呆になるための修行だから,それでよい。ただそれだけである。
Practicing Budo is wholly a foolish activity. It may be said that it is the practice of Budo that we do to be a fool. We singlemindedly practice Budo for not any specific purpose. Zen also is a practice only for becoming a fool. We simply practice Budo no matter if it's hod or cold. It is for nothing that we continue to practice Budo in the intense heat of summer and in the severe cold of winter. That's the practice. We always practice Budo in any circumstances, as a matter of theory, since enemies do not wait for fighting with us even when it is too hot or cold. But, in modern society, there is not a chance in a million that enemies will realistically attack us in such a situation. Then, it is not FOR fighting in that situation that we practice Budo. Therefore, we practice Budo entirely with sweating in summer and shivering in winter. Though a person who practice for nothing may seem like just a fool, it is no problem because both Budo and Zen are practice to become a fool. That's all.
Practicing Budo is wholly a foolish activity. It may be said that it is the practice of Budo that we do to be a fool. We singlemindedly practice Budo for not any specific purpose. Zen also is a practice only for becoming a fool. We simply practice Budo no matter if it's hod or cold. It is for nothing that we continue to practice Budo in the intense heat of summer and in the severe cold of winter. That's the practice. We always practice Budo in any circumstances, as a matter of theory, since enemies do not wait for fighting with us even when it is too hot or cold. But, in modern society, there is not a chance in a million that enemies will realistically attack us in such a situation. Then, it is not FOR fighting in that situation that we practice Budo. Therefore, we practice Budo entirely with sweating in summer and shivering in winter. Though a person who practice for nothing may seem like just a fool, it is no problem because both Budo and Zen are practice to become a fool. That's all.
August 06, 2013
Budo is Way 武道とは道である
武道とは徹底的に禅である。武道と武術を混同してはいけない。多くの場合,多くの人が携わっているのは武術や格闘スポーツであり,それは武道ではない。しかし,ただひたすらに術を磨き,その術が何事のためでもなければ,それはいずれ道になる。
Budo is completely Zen. You should not confuse Budo with martial arts. In most cases, the things that most of people practice are not Budo but martial arts or combat sports. But, if the practitioners polish their arts single-mindedly and the arts is for no purpose, it will get to be Do, Tao, or the way, in the course of time.
Budo is completely Zen. You should not confuse Budo with martial arts. In most cases, the things that most of people practice are not Budo but martial arts or combat sports. But, if the practitioners polish their arts single-mindedly and the arts is for no purpose, it will get to be Do, Tao, or the way, in the course of time.
July 22, 2013
The Power of the Heel, or the Ground
突きは踵で打つ。突くとは手,腕,拳で敵を打つことであるために,我々はつい,その手,腕,拳そのものに力が入ってしまう。しかし,空手の突きは,手で打つというよりも,足で打つ。もっと具体的に言えば,腰と腹で打つがそれを支えているのが足であり,その足の接している大地でもって打つ。つまり,突きは大地で打つ。そして,その大地と身体をつないでいる重要な結節点が,踵,特に後ろ足の踵である。したがって,突きは後ろ足の踵で打つと言っても良い。大地の上に二本の足で立って敵を打つことの秘訣は,大地でもって打つことにある。
Punching is made by the heel. Punching means an attack to an enemy by the arm, hand, and fist, so we unconsciously tend to strain that arm, hand, and fist. But, Punching in karate is made by the leg, rather than the arm. More specifically, it is made by both the abdominal and the lower back region, which are supported by the legs, which contact the ground. Accordingly, punching is made by the ground. Then, the important node relating the ground to the body is the heel, especially the one of the rear foot. Therefore, it can be said that punching is made by the heel of the rear foot. The secret for punching an enemy while we stand on the ground by the two legs is to punch him/her by the ground.
Punching is made by the heel. Punching means an attack to an enemy by the arm, hand, and fist, so we unconsciously tend to strain that arm, hand, and fist. But, Punching in karate is made by the leg, rather than the arm. More specifically, it is made by both the abdominal and the lower back region, which are supported by the legs, which contact the ground. Accordingly, punching is made by the ground. Then, the important node relating the ground to the body is the heel, especially the one of the rear foot. Therefore, it can be said that punching is made by the heel of the rear foot. The secret for punching an enemy while we stand on the ground by the two legs is to punch him/her by the ground.
July 11, 2013
Back Side (Rear) Muscles
空手は,主に背面の筋肉を使う。攻防の際,下半身を締めるが,そのときには尻(大臀筋)と太ももの裏側(大腿二頭筋)から内股にかけての筋肉(内転筋)を締める。また,腹筋群も締めるが同時に背中の下部の筋肉群も締める。そして,受けたり突いたりする際に腕を使うが,このときには背中の上部の筋肉群(広背筋)を締める。広背筋でも特に胴体脇の裏側(背中側)の筋肉を使って受けたり突いたりするので,上腕に力が入るとすれば裏側,すなわち,上腕三頭筋の部分である。このように,身体全体を通して,背面(裏側)の筋肉を連動させて攻防する点が,空手に特徴的だと考えられる。「考えられる」というのは,可能性としては,柔術や剣術など,武術全般を通してこの理合は同じかもしれないからである。
Mainly the back side muscles are used in karate. During fighting, karateka tense their lower part of the body. At this time, the muscles tensed are from the hips (gluteus maximus muscles) and the backside of thighs (biceps femoris muscles) to the inner thighs (adductor muscles). While the abdominal muscles are tensed, the lower parts of back muscles are tensed. When we block and punch with the arms, the upper parts of back muscles (latissimus dorsi muscles) are tensed. Especially the back side muscles of the underarms are used for blocking and punching, so if you tense the upper arms, the part of the back side ones, or triceps brachii muscles are tensed. In this way, it is considered to be characteristic to karate that the offence and defense are made by synchronizing the back side muscles throughout the whole body. "Considered" means that there is a possibility that the above theory may be similar to the one in all of the martial arts such as ju-jutsu and ken-jutsu.
Mainly the back side muscles are used in karate. During fighting, karateka tense their lower part of the body. At this time, the muscles tensed are from the hips (gluteus maximus muscles) and the backside of thighs (biceps femoris muscles) to the inner thighs (adductor muscles). While the abdominal muscles are tensed, the lower parts of back muscles are tensed. When we block and punch with the arms, the upper parts of back muscles (latissimus dorsi muscles) are tensed. Especially the back side muscles of the underarms are used for blocking and punching, so if you tense the upper arms, the part of the back side ones, or triceps brachii muscles are tensed. In this way, it is considered to be characteristic to karate that the offence and defense are made by synchronizing the back side muscles throughout the whole body. "Considered" means that there is a possibility that the above theory may be similar to the one in all of the martial arts such as ju-jutsu and ken-jutsu.
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